Beijing actively explores the problem of where to go to create a green livable city

[ China Agricultural Machinery Industry News ] In recent years, Beijing has been devastated by smog. The people of the capital urgently need a green and livable city. The problem of straw burning has become the first problem to be solved. The Beijing agricultural sector has actively explored three The pattern is where the straw goes to find a way out.

Beijing actively explores the problem of where to go to create a green livable city

Due to the characteristics of “big cities, small suburbs”, Beijing has positioned its agricultural development as urban modern agriculture, and the economic function of agriculture has gradually shifted to ecological and social functions. In recent years, the Beijing area has been affected by extremely polluted weather such as smog, and the establishment of “green Beijing, a livable city” has become the aspiration of the people of each capital. As the agricultural sector, the first problem is to solve the problems of crop straw accumulation, water pollution caused by incineration, air pollution, etc., and the key to solving this problem lies in solving the problem of where the straw goes. Mechanized treatment of straw is one of the key links in the entire mechanized chain of crop production. The agricultural department of Beijing actively explored and relied on agricultural machinery cooperatives and other agricultural machinery social service organizations to gradually form three straw processing modes represented by Yanqing, Huairou and Shunyi. On the one hand, the way to find the straw, on the other hand, Farmers bring considerable economic benefits.

"Yanqing mode"

——Resolve difficult problem of straw collection

After the annual grain harvest is completed, the problem of straw treatment is annoying. Although the common people also understand that straw can be made into fertilizers, feeds and other products, the phenomenon of straw burning is still prohibited. What caused the farmers to give up the opportunity to turn the straw into a treasure? “For ordinary farmers, straw collection and transportation are difficult and costly. Ordinary farmers do not have advanced equipment to help them. It is too difficult to collect the straw in the field. It is better to save a lot of fire.” Beijing Agricultural Machinery Xiong Bo, an agronomist at the test appraisal station, told reporters: “Another important reason is that agricultural production is seasonal, and companies engaged in straw processing are reluctant to spend money on straw harvesting equipment that can only be used for one or two months a year. In addition, the distribution of farmland is relatively scattered, and the cost of straw transportation is relatively high, and enterprises are even more difficult to bear. It can be seen that the key to comprehensive utilization of straw is to solve the problem of straw collection and transportation, and only find a sustainable operation. The straw storage and transportation mode can fundamentally solve the problem of comprehensive utilization of straw.

After identifying the "pain point", the Beijing agricultural department, after years of technical research and model exploration, based on the characteristics and development direction of agricultural production in Beijing, relying on the agricultural machinery cooperatives, with marketization and socialization as the core, established a set. Continuous operation of straw storage and storage mode. “This model adopts the operation mode of 'farmers + agricultural machinery cooperatives + straw users'. After the crops are harvested, the agricultural machinery cooperatives use the straw picking and baling machine to carry out the straw baling and recycling operations, and pay the farmers a certain amount of compensation, and then the agricultural machinery cooperatives will The baled straw is sold to straw users for processing straw fertilizer, feed or fuel, etc.” Xiong Bo said

At the same time, Xiong Bo calculated the account for the reporter. The agricultural machinery cooperative collects the straw and pays the farmer 20-40 yuan per mu, plus the machine depreciation fee, labor cost, oil cost for the tractor operation, and the cost of the rope. The total cost per mu At around 70 yuan, it is also necessary to adjust the transportation cost according to the distance of the straw user. The market price of corn stalks is about 300-600 yuan / ton (affected by the season, if it has storage conditions, it can be stored until May-October sales, the price is higher), under normal circumstances, the average 3 acres of land can be picked up and bundled 1 ton of corn stalk, equivalent to the sales income of straw per acre is 100-200 yuan. According to this calculation, the straw baler can be used to harvest straw, and the profit per mu is about 30-130 yuan. Each operation can bring 20,000-400,000 yuan of income to farmers and 30-130 yuan for agricultural machinery cooperatives. The profit of 10,000 yuan is very obvious.

Under this model, the Agricultural Machinery Cooperative is responsible for solving the problem of net land for farmers. Farmers can also get straw sales income of 20-40 yuan/mu. For straw demand enterprises, there is no need to purchase high-priced balers, crushers, Transport vehicles and other equipment, save a lot of equipment investment, do not have to worry about looking for straw sources; for agricultural machinery cooperatives, due to the seasonality of agricultural production, from November to February of each year is leisure time, no homework The task, while the straw baling business can fill this part of the gap, so that the agricultural machinery cooperatives have a lot of work and income throughout the year, broadening the business side. It is precisely because this model has so many advantages that it has been widely applied in Beijing in just a few years. Because this technology model has been successfully operated in Yanqing District, it is also known as the “Yanqing Model”.

"Huairou mode" - straw transformation feed

According to past experience, the difficulty in comprehensive utilization of straw in Beijing is basically concentrated in areas where large-scale machines such as mountainous areas and mountainous areas are difficult to access. There are a large number of corn stalks in these areas, and they are not effectively utilized, and there is a hidden danger of accumulation and burning. For the corn stalks that are difficult to transport out in mountainous areas such as mountainous areas, the Beijing Municipal Agriculture Department has established an effective corn stalk feed utilization technology model.

In terms of nutritional value, corn stalks contain more than 30% carbohydrates, 2%-4% protein and 0.5%-1% fat. After proper treatment, they can be eaten by herbivores such as cattle and sheep. The ideal source of feed. “This model adopts the operation mode of 'grower + agricultural machinery service organization + aquaculture enterprise'. The agricultural machinery service organization will bundle the straw in the farmer's field, and then directly sell the collected straw bundle or puff the straw into feed. To the aquaculture enterprises, the straw feed utilization is realized, and the farmers and agricultural machinery service organizations can all obtain the benefits. The aquaculture enterprises also have a high-quality and low-cost feed source, which can be described as three-fold." Xiong Bo introduced. Because this technical model runs successfully in Huairou District, it is also known as the “Huairou Mode”.

“The economic benefits of 'Huairou mode' are very obvious.” Xiong Bo told reporters, “Taking the straw extruder in Huairou District in recent years as an example, the unit price per unit is 210,000 yuan, but the state subsidies 50%, Huairou District also subsidizes 30%, equivalent to the user can buy one such equipment as long as 42,000. The purchase of straw raw materials during production and collection and transportation costs about 300 yuan / ton, plus labor, bacteria, packaging film, electricity and other costs The processing cost of straw extruded feed is less than RMB 400/ton. According to the current market price of extruded feed of 650-800 yuan/ton, for every 1 ton of straw extruded feed, the profit of 250-400 yuan is very high."

"Shunyi mode"

——Straw into organic fertilizer raw materials

With the continuous improvement of the economic level, the demand for fresh vegetables, meat and eggs and other agricultural products by urban residents has gradually increased. Especially in the past two years, the agricultural development in Beijing has strongly advocated “regulating food and vegetables”, and the fruit and vegetable economic crops are developing rapidly. Therefore, straw waste is not limited to traditional grain crop straws, and a large number of wastes such as rotten fruits and livestock wastes are urgently needed to be disposed of.

In response to this problem, the agricultural department of Beijing has explored the establishment of a technical model for processing organic fertilizers using waste fruits such as rotten leaves of vegetables and livestock and manure, and successfully piloted it in Shunyi District, so it is also called “Shunyi Model”. . According to Xiong Bo, this model mainly uses aerobic composting technology to mix agricultural wastes such as crop dry straw, livestock and poultry manure, and rotten fruit of vegetable residues in a certain proportion and then compost. Under aerobic conditions, microbial degradation is used. Waste, producing bio-organic fertilizers. The organic fertilizer produced is used for farmland production to grow crops such as corn, wheat and vegetables. After the crops are harvested, part of the straw is processed into feed through silage and yellow storage, used for livestock and poultry breeding, and the resulting livestock and poultry manure and another part of straw continue to be used for the production of organic fertilizer, thus realizing the cultivation and recycling cycle. Three production integration.

It is understood that the “Shunyi Model” mainly relies on the operation mechanism of “Agricultural Producer + Agricultural Machinery Cooperative + Organic Fertilizer Processing Plant”, and the Agricultural Machinery Professional Cooperative is responsible for collecting and transporting straw waste such as crop straw and vegetable residues to the organic fertilizer processing plant. The organic fertilizer processing plant is responsible for the subsequent processing. In the past straw waste treatment, due to the scattered agricultural production area, it is difficult to collect the straw, and the bulk density of the straw is high, the transportation cost is high, and the enterprise is difficult to make profit, which makes it difficult to continue the comprehensive utilization of straw. The "Shunyi Model" has entrusted the agricultural service cooperatives and other operational service organizations to manage the straw collection and transportation through the operation mode of "government purchase service-village-town co-stacking-enterprise collection and transportation", which not only solves the problem of farmers' straw accumulation, but also broadens the problem. The business scope of the business service organization also guarantees the source of raw materials for straw users and realizes the interests of the three parties. "This model is mainly the form of government subsidies through operations, fully mobilizing the market to participate in the enthusiasm of straw collection and transportation, in order to promote the long-term stable development of comprehensive utilization of straw." Xiong Bo explained, "Government subsidy funds are mainly divided into two parts, one It is a sub-transportation subsidy. The village organizers are responsible for the preliminary separation of straw and vegetable waste, removing impurities such as stones and plastic films, and transporting the straw and vegetable waste to designated collection points. This part of the subsidy is directly subsidized to the town governments according to the actual vegetable area, and the subsidy is 40 yuan per mu. The second is the pulling and crushing subsidy. The operating service organization is responsible for the pulling and subsequent crushing and processing of the waste, and the subsidy fee. It is 160 yuan per mu. This part of the subsidy is directly subsidized to the operational service organization according to the actual working area."

The “Shunyi Model” also has considerable social and economic benefits. Xiong Bo said: “The organic fertilizer processing enterprise processes 200 tons of organic fertilizer per day (water content 30%) as an example, and can eliminate 200 tons of vegetable waste (80% water content). ), 30 tons of dry straw (10% water), 200 tons of cow dung (65% water), and add humic acid, trace elements and other auxiliary materials as needed, plus freight, mechanical operation, labor, post-packaging Cost and other costs, under the technical model, the total cost of producing organic fertilizer is 424.4 yuan / ton. According to the organic fertilizer market price of 600 yuan / ton, the profit per ton of organic fertilizer is 175.6 yuan / ton. With an organic fertilizer processing plant of 40,000 tons, the annual profit can reach 7.024 million yuan."