However, this time around the loss of the Sino-European spare parts dispute, I think we are still not the last loser. On the contrary, from this litigation initiated by European and American countries, the Chinese government and enterprises have learned a lot, and more importantly, during the three-year dispute, domestic vehicles and parts and components companies have grown rapidly. The proportion of parts procurement in China has also increased significantly.
To put it plainly, we lost an international trade lawsuit, but it won a valuable three years for the development of the entire automobile industry. In fact, in the past three years, although Mercedes-Benz, BMW and Volvo, etc. The clearly defined measures to increase the localization rate of parts and components have various degrees of boycotts and complaints, but they have to work toward this goal. Because Audi, the leader of this level of market, has already started to increase the pace of localization, followers will have to take "follow-up" measures.
As for automakers such as Honda, Toyota, Nissan, Volkswagen, PSA and General Motors, Ford and other non-luxury car brands, the effect is even more pronounced. In order to actively participate in the Chinese market competition and seize more market share, the only effective way for them is to move parts and components support systems to China as much as possible and use local advantages of lower labor costs to produce more lethal prices. Car products.
Now, it can be foreseen that whether it is a luxury car brand such as Mercedes-Benz BMW or a non-luxury car brand like Volkswagen Toyota, in addition to increasing the localization pace in terms of increasing the localization rate of parts and the proportion of local parts procurement. And efforts, these multinational companies have no other way out. Even if the requirements of the WTTO Game Rules are met, the Chinese government will cancel the standards for the localization rate of parts and components, and this trend will not change.
As for imported models that were not originally intended to be made in China (such as Subaru, Porsche, Land Rover, Maserati, etc.), China’s defeat in this dispute may be good news for them. Because of the pressure imposed by the tariff cuts of the WTO, once the 25% vehicle tariffs on imported cars have fallen, the prices of the above-mentioned brand models after entering the Chinese market are bound to fall significantly. Some imported car brands that are popular in sales can even “return to the old business†and simply find a workshop for CKD (complete parts assembly) or SKD (half parts assembly).
Rethinking more than three years ago, the Chinese government introduced relevant policies to combat the illegal assembly of automobiles. On April 1, 2005, China began to implement the "Administrative Measures for the Import of Auto Parts That Constitute the Characteristics of Complete Vehicles", levying the same tariff (28%) as the entire vehicle for parts that equal or exceed 60% of the total vehicle value, instead of China. The 10% to 14% tax rate specified in the WTO accession agreement. Later, the European Union, the United States, and Canada believed that China was suspected of discriminating against foreign taxation on imported auto parts, and was intended to encourage Chinese auto makers to use domestic auto parts.
The author speculated that if the momentum of large-scale assembly of imported cars is rekindled, the results may be unfavorable for domestic-level joint venture brand vehicles such as the Accord, Camry and Magotan. However, in order to flaunt the concept of original imports, there should not be any brand to do this: abandoning the profits of bicycles but pursuing the so-called scale effect of assembling imports is, to a large extent, not worth the candle. At least for a consumer-oriented "word of mouth" imported car brand, this approach is unwise.
From this perspective, the European and American countries that initiated the lawsuit war even if the Chinese government has cancelled the standards for the localization rate of parts and components, which in turn will give them more job opportunities for auto parts companies? Is it because localization rates have been eliminated, and Bots, Denso, Delphi, and BorgWarner, and other multinational parts suppliers, will move the Chinese factories to the United States, Japan, and Germany? The answer is obviously negative! Therefore, the European and American countries did indeed lose out in this time-consuming and laborious litigation war.
However, through such a lawsuit, we should also introspect ourselves. Since it has joined the WTO, it should follow the rules of the WTO. Although the starting point for setting the standard for the localization rate of vehicle parts and components, our starting point is good, that is, in order to combat illegally assembling imported vehicles, such gray transactions, but from the perspective of foreign parts manufacturers, it is inevitable that there is "protection of the country zero "The part company" is suspected. Because in the future when using the WTO rules, we should try to avoid all possible policy risks.
â‘ Single acting cylinder: only one end of the cylinder has a piston rod. Air is supplied from one side of the piston to generate air pressure. The air pressure pushes the piston to produce thrust to extend and return by spring or self weight.
â‘¡ Double acting cylinder: supply air alternately from both sides of piston, output force in one or two directions.
â‘¢ Rodless cylinder: general term for cylinders without piston rod. There are magnetic cylinder and cable cylinder.
The reciprocating cylinder is called swing cylinder. The inner cavity is divided into two parts by the blade, and the air is supplied to the two cavities alternately. The output shaft swings, and the swing angle is less than 280 °. In addition, there are rotary cylinder, gas-liquid damping cylinder and stepping cylinder.
Compared with the electric actuator, the cylinder can work reliably under harsh conditions, and the operation is simple, and the basic maintenance free can be realized. Cylinder is good at reciprocating linear motion, especially suitable for industrial automation in the most transmission requirements - workpiece linear handling. Moreover, only adjusting the one-way throttle valve installed on both sides of the cylinder can simply achieve stable speed control, which has become the biggest feature and advantage of the cylinder drive system. Therefore, for users without multi-point positioning requirements, most of them prefer to use cylinder from the perspective of convenience. At present, most of the applications of electric actuators in the industrial field require high-precision multi-point positioning, which is the result that it is difficult to achieve with the air cylinder.
The electric actuator is mainly used for rotating and swinging conditions. Its advantage lies in the fast response time and the precise control of speed, position and torque through the feedback system. But when it needs to complete the linear motion, it needs to be transformed by mechanical devices such as toothed belt or screw rod, so the structure is relatively complex, and there are high requirements for the working environment and the professional knowledge of the operation and maintenance personnel.
advantage
(1) The requirement for users is low. The principle and structure of the cylinder are simple, easy to install and maintain, and the requirements for users are not high. Electric cylinder is different, engineering personnel must have certain electrical knowledge, otherwise it is likely to be damaged due to misoperation.
(2) The output force is large. The output force of the cylinder is proportional to the square of the cylinder diameter; The output force of the electric cylinder is related to three factors: cylinder diameter, motor power and screw pitch. The larger the cylinder diameter and power, the smaller the screw pitch, the greater the output force. The theoretical output force of a cylinder with a diameter of 50 mm can reach 2000 n. for the electric cylinder with the same diameter, although the products of different companies are different, they are basically no more than 1000 n. Obviously, the cylinder has more advantages in terms of output force.
(3) Strong adaptability. The cylinder can work normally in high and low temperature environment, and has the ability of dustproof and waterproof, which can adapt to all kinds of harsh environment. Because of a large number of electrical components, the electric cylinder has high requirements for the environment and poor adaptability.
Air Cylinder, Pneumatic Cylinder, double acting cylinder, single acting cylinder, rodless cylinder
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